中央党校考博英语真题试卷（2009年）阅读理解3

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Passage 3
Sociolinguists, sociologists, and anthropologists focus on the social context of bilingualism. In their view, language performance is closely tied to the speaker’s personal identity and identification with the culture of the second language. Social factors such as ethnic pride, racism, communication situations, prejudice, and attitudes are important variables here. Learning a second language has both benefits and costs. A person will not be motivated to learn a second language if it has negative effects or associations for the learner. What is important is the communicative effectiveness and social appropriateness of the new language. Becoming bilingual in the sociocultural perspective is a means of being a more effective and competent person in another culture.
A perennial question about bilingualism is whether bilinguals profit or lose because they have t maintain two language. The advantage of having two languages is referred to as additive bilingualism; subtractive bilingualism is the case when one language detracts from the other. Generally, developmental research has shown that bilingualism is not a reason for concern. Little evidence has been found to indicate that bilingual children suffer a disadvantage because of their knowledge of two languages. Wallace Lambert devoted his academic career to demonstrating the social and psychological advantages of bilingualism in Canada. Lambert found that French Canadian bilinguals were more likely than monolinguals to be advanced academically in French schools and that they develop a more diversified and more flexible intelligence. English Canadian children also do better their elementary school courses are conducted in French. 考博网 kaobo.net
The sociocultural perspective helps language professionals understand the cultural and social problems associated with second language acquisition (SLA) in contexts where the native language and foreign language are associated with conflicting cultural values. This happens when immigrant families move to the United States and the children want to quickly identify with American children by learning to speak English. The motivations here are not about becoming proficient but about avoiding being marked or stigmatized as a speaker of another tongue. When the new language provides cultural, personal, educational, or financial benefits for the learner, motivation and progress in SLA will be greater than when the second language confers no apparent advantage. In two – way Spanish- and English – language learning settings, children learning English progress faster than children learning Spanish because English has greater positive associations than Spanish does. One of the other consequences of these kinds of programs is that Spanish- speaking children tend to experience attrition in Spanish while learning English, whereas English – speaking children retain English when learning Spanish. This is a clear instance of subtractive and additive bilingualism.
The sociolinguistic perspective also provides answers for why people switch from one language or dialect to another in different social situations.

66. which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
   A. Motivation and Progress in Second Language Acquisition
   B. Relationship between Language and Culture  
   C. Socioculturalists’ Approach to Second Language Acquisition
   D. The Importance of Second Language Acquisition
67. What does the author want to prove by giving Lambert’s research founding in the second paragraph?
   A. French Canadian bilinguals in Canada were more likely to be advanced academically in French schools than in English schools.
   B. French Canadian bilinguals do better than English Canadian bilinguals when their elementary school courses are conducted in French in Canada.
   C. French Canadian bilinguals develop a more diversified and more flexible intelligence than English Canadian bilinguals in French schools in Canada.
   D. Bilingual children hold some social and psychological advantages in schools.
68. What does the author mainly discuss in the third paragraph?
   A. Relationship between Language and Cultural Values
   B. Cultural and Social Influence in Second Language Acquisition
   C. The Importance of Motivation in Second Language Acquisition
   D. The Advantages of Additive Billingualism and Disadvantages of Subtractive Billingualism
69. What does the word “attrition” in line 14 in the third paragraph mean?
   A. subtraction
   B. addition
   C. attribution
   D. restoration
70. This passage would most likely be assigned for reading in a course in _________.
   A. Sociology
   B. Linguistics
   C. Communications
   D. The Psychology of Language